THE THREE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE

Book I. Propositions 31 and 32

WE HAVE SEEN THE fundamental theorems of parallel lines. They are Propostion 27 and its converse, Proposition 29. Here again is

Proposition 29. If two straight lines are parallel, then a straight line that meets them makes the alternate angles equal; it makes the exterior angle equal to the opposite interior angle on the same side; and it makes the interior angles on the same side equal to two right angles.

Whenever we know that two straight lines are parallel, those are the conclusions that we can make.

We will now present the well-known theorem about the three angles of a triangle, which is that they are equal to two right angles. But first, we must solve the following problem.

PROPOSITION 31. PROBLEM

Through a given point to draw a straight line parallel to a given straight line.

Let A be the given point, and BC the given straight line; we are required to draw a straight line through the point A parallel to BC.

The construction and proof are straightforward, and they are left as an exercise. (Problem 1)

We are now ready to prove that the three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles.

For, on extending BC to D, and drawing CE parallel to AB, the angles BAC, ACE labeled 2 are alternate angles; angle 3 on the right is exterior to the parallel lines and is equal to the interior angle 3. Angles 1, 2, 3 along BD form a straight angle composed of two right angles. And they are equal to angles 1, 2, 3 of the triangle!

Here is the formal proposition.

PROPOSITION 32. THEOREM

If one side of a triangle is extended, then the exterior angle is equal to the two opposite interior angles; and the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.

Let ABC be a triangle, with side BC extended to D. Then the exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC; and the three interior angles ABC, BCA, CAB are together equal to two right angles.


Through the point C draw CE parallel to AB.	(I. 31)

Then, since AB is parallel to CE, and AC meets them,

the alternate angles BAC, ACE are equal.	(I. 29)

Also, since AB is parallel to CE and BD meets them,

angle ECD, which is exterior to those parallels, is equal to the opposite interior angle CBA;	(I. 29)

and we proved that angle ACE was equal to angle BAC;

therefore the whole exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior angles CBA, BAC.	(Axiom 2)

To each of these equals add angle ACB;

therefore angles ACD, ACB are equal to the three angles CBA, BAC, ACB.	(Axiom 2)

But angles ACD, ACB are equal to two right angles;	(I. 13)

therefore the three angles CBA, BAC, ACB are together also equal to two right angles.	(Axiom 1)

Therefore, if a side of a triangle etc. Q.E.D.

Corollary. All the interior angles of any polygon are together equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides, less four right angles.

For, we can divide any polygon ABCDE into as many triangles as the figure has sides, by drawing straight lines from any point F within the figure to each vertex.
Now, all the angles of those triangles are equal to twice as many right angles as there are triangles, that is, as the figure has sides.

And those angles are all the interior angles of the figure, together with all the angles at the point F,
which are equal to four right angles. (I. 13. Corollary 2.)

Therefore all the interior angles of any polygon are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides, less four right angles.

Please "turn" the page and do some Problems.

Continue on to the next proposition.

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