| Mauritania |
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| Introduction | Mauritania |
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Background:
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Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were widely seen as flawed, but October 2001 legislative and municipal elections were generally free and open. Mauritania remains, in reality, a one-party state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between its black population and the Maur (Arab-Berber) populace. |
| Geography | Mauritania |
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Location:
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Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara |
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Geographic coordinates:
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20 00 N, 12 00 W |
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Map references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 1,030,700 sq km
land: 1,030,400 sq km water: 300 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 5,074 km
border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km |
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Coastline:
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754 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty |
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Terrain:
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mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m
highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m |
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Natural resources:
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iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish |
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Land use:
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arable land: 0.48%
permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.51% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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490 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts |
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Environment - current issues:
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overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country |
| People | Mauritania |
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Population:
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3,086,859 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 45.8% (male 707,728/female 704,616)
15-64 years: 52% (male 792,589/female 813,763) 65 years and over: 2.2% (male 27,560/female 40,603) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 16.98 years
male: 16.71 years female: 17.24 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.9% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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41.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 70.89 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) male: 73.81 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 52.73 years
male: 50.52 years female: 55 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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5.94 children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.6% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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9,500 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than 500 (2003 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Mauritanian(s)
adjective: Mauritanian |
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Ethnic groups:
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mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30% |
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Religions:
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Muslim 100% |
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Languages:
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Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 41.7% male: 51.8% female: 31.9% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Mauritania |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
conventional short form: Mauritania local short form: Muritaniyah local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Nouakchott |
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Administrative divisions:
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12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*; Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza |
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Independence:
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28 November 1960 (from France) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 28 November (1960) |
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Constitution:
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12 July 1991 |
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Legal system:
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a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Sghair Ould M'BARECK (since 6 July 2003) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 7 November 2003 (next to be held NA 2009); prime minister appointed by the president election results: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected for a third term with 60.8% of the vote |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats, a part of the seats up for election every two years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 9 and 16 April 2004 (next to be held April 2006); National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%, RDU 3.5%, UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS 64, UDP 3, RDU 3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE]; Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]
note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002 although its members were permitted to keep their seats in the National Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general] |
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Tijani Ould KERIM
chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 319-2623 telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LEBARON
embassy: 288 Rue Abdallaye (between Presidency building and Spanish Embassy), Nouakchott mailing address: BP 222, Nouakchott telephone: [222] 525-2660/525-2663 FAX: [222] 25-25-92 |
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Flag description:
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green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam |
| Economy | Mauritania |
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Economy - overview:
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Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In the past, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In February 2000, Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and in December 2001 received strong support from donor and lending countries at a triennial Consultative Group review. In 2001, exploratory oil wells in tracts 80 km offshore indicated potential extraction at current world oil prices. A new investment code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. Ongoing negotiations with the IMF involve problems of economic reforms and fiscal discipline. Substantial oil production and exports probably will not begin until 2006. Meantime the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $5.534 billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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3% (2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 25%
industry: 29% services: 46% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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40% (2004 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 30.2% (2000) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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37.3 (1995) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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7% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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786,000 (2001) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 50%, industry 10%, services 40% (2001 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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20% (2004 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $421 million
expenditures: $378 million, including capital expenditures of $154 million (2002 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn, dates; cattle, sheep |
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Industries:
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fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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2% (2000 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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190.2 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 85.9%
hydro: 14.1% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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176.9 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Exports:
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$541 million f.o.b. (2002) |
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Exports - commodities:
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iron ore, fish and fish products, gold |
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Exports - partners:
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France 14.5%, Japan 12.2%, Spain 11.1%, Italy 10.1%, Belgium 7.6%, Germany 7.3%, Russia 4.9%, Cote d''Ivoire 4.1% (2003) |
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Imports:
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$860 million f.o.b. (2002) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods |
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Imports - partners:
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France 16.8%, Spain 7.7%, China 6.3%, Belgium 5.1%, Germany 4.8%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1%, Netherlands 4% (2003) |
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Debt - external:
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$2.5 billion (2000) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$220 million (2000) |
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Currency:
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ouguiya (MRO) |
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Currency code:
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MRO |
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Exchange rates:
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ouguiyas per US dollar - 269 (2004), 271.739 (2003), 271.739 (2002) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Mauritania |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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31,500 (2002) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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300,000 (2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made)
domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals international: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001) |
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Radios:
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410,000 (2001) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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1 (2002) |
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Televisions:
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98,000 (2001) |
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Internet country code:
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.mr |
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Internet hosts:
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25 (2003) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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5 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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10,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Mauritania |
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Railways:
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717 km
standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2003) |
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Highways:
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total: 7,660 km
paved: 866 km unpaved: 6,794 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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some ferry traffic on Senegal River (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Bogue, Kaedi, Nouadhibou, Nouakchott, Rosso |
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Airports:
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24 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
| Military | Mauritania |
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Military branches:
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Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (Marine Mauritanienne; including Naval Infantry), Air Force (Force Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM) (April 2005) |
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Military manpower - military age:
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18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 2 years; majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air Force and Navy is voluntary (April 2005) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 18-49: 606,463 (2005 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 370,513 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$20.8 million (2004) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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1.7% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues | Mauritania |
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Disputes - international:
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Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent years |
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This page was last updated on 17 May, 2005 |